It was virtually ignored for centuries, but what may be the world's oldest Torah, the holy book of the Jewish faith, has now been discovered at the world's oldest university.![]()
The world's oldest complete Torah scroll has been found in a university archive in Bologna
The priceless scroll was found in the archives of Bologna University, which was founded in 1088 and predates both Oxford and Cambridge.
The scroll, written in Hebrew, is 118ft long and 25 inches wide and consists of the first five books of the Jewish Bible, from Bereshit (the equivalent of Genesis) to Devarim (Deuteronomy).
It had been wrongly dated to the 17th century by a librarian who studied it in 1889, but it now transpires that it is more than 800 years old.
The discovery was made by Mauro Perani, the university's professor of Hebrew.
He recently re-examined the scroll and noticed that the script was from a Babylonian tradition that suggested it was much older than previously thought.
The Torah, inscribed on soft lamb skin, also bore "letters and symbols" that were forbidden in later copies under rules laid down by Jewish scholars, Prof Perani said.
"At that point I sent photos of the scroll to some of the world's leading experts. They all agreed that it dated to the 12th or 13th centuries. One scholar believed it could even date back to the 11th century." The scroll was then subjected to carbon dating tests by the University of Salento in Italy and a laboratory at the University of Illinois in the United States.
The tests confirmed the scholars' opinions, dating the text to between 1155 and 1225.
"That makes it the oldest complete Torah scroll in the world," said Prof Perani.
Torah scrolls are extremely rare because most were eventually destroyed after being used in Jewish liturgies.
"When the manuscripts became worn out, it was considered that they lost their holiness. They could no longer be used for religious ceremonies and they were buried," Prof Perani said.
Tens of thousands of Torah scrolls were also destroyed before and during the Second World War, by the Nazis in Germany and central Europe and by Mussolini's Fascists in Italy.
"There was an incredible destruction in the 20th century," said Prof Perani, adding that some scrolls were even cut up and used to bind books.
Until now, the oldest Torah script in existence dated from the 14th century.
The scroll may have come from a Dominican monastery in Bologna, possibly during the 19th century. Prof Perani said it was not unusual for Dominican friars to have an ancient Torah because there was close collaboration between Christian and Jewish scholars in the early Middle Ages. Bologna has had a strong Jewish community for centuries and the university first began teaching Hebrew studies in the 15th century.
It will be put on display next month at Bologna University. It will also be photographed and uploaded in digital format onto the library's website.
The priceless scroll was found in the archives of Bologna University, which was founded in 1088 and predates both Oxford and Cambridge.
The scroll, written in Hebrew, is 118ft long and 25 inches wide and consists of the first five books of the Jewish Bible, from Bereshit (the equivalent of Genesis) to Devarim (Deuteronomy).
It had been wrongly dated to the 17th century by a librarian who studied it in 1889, but it now transpires that it is more than 800 years old.
The discovery was made by Mauro Perani, the university's professor of Hebrew.
He recently re-examined the scroll and noticed that the script was from a Babylonian tradition that suggested it was much older than previously thought.
The Torah, inscribed on soft lamb skin, also bore "letters and symbols" that were forbidden in later copies under rules laid down by Jewish scholars, Prof Perani said.
"At that point I sent photos of the scroll to some of the world's leading experts. They all agreed that it dated to the 12th or 13th centuries. One scholar believed it could even date back to the 11th century." The scroll was then subjected to carbon dating tests by the University of Salento in Italy and a laboratory at the University of Illinois in the United States.
The tests confirmed the scholars' opinions, dating the text to between 1155 and 1225.
"That makes it the oldest complete Torah scroll in the world," said Prof Perani.
Torah scrolls are extremely rare because most were eventually destroyed after being used in Jewish liturgies.
"When the manuscripts became worn out, it was considered that they lost their holiness. They could no longer be used for religious ceremonies and they were buried," Prof Perani said.
Tens of thousands of Torah scrolls were also destroyed before and during the Second World War, by the Nazis in Germany and central Europe and by Mussolini's Fascists in Italy.
"There was an incredible destruction in the 20th century," said Prof Perani, adding that some scrolls were even cut up and used to bind books.
Until now, the oldest Torah script in existence dated from the 14th century.
The scroll may have come from a Dominican monastery in Bologna, possibly during the 19th century. Prof Perani said it was not unusual for Dominican friars to have an ancient Torah because there was close collaboration between Christian and Jewish scholars in the early Middle Ages. Bologna has had a strong Jewish community for centuries and the university first began teaching Hebrew studies in the 15th century.
It will be put on display next month at Bologna University. It will also be photographed and uploaded in digital format onto the library's website.